Blóm á skógarbláma. Ljósm. ÁHB.
ÆTTKVÍSLIN blámi (Hepatica Miller) er í sóleyjaætt (Ranunculaceae). Til hennar heyra fjölærar jurtir í Evrópu, Asíu og Norður-Ameríku. Hér á landi vaxa tvær tegundir í görðum en engin villt í náttúrunni. Blöð eru stofnstæð, jafnan þrí-flipótt (sjaldan fimm-flipótt), leðurkennd og haldast græn um vetur; fjólublá á neðra borði. Blóm eru tvíkynja, blómhlíf einföld. Rétt undir blómi eru þrjú stoðblöð, sem margir halda, að séu bikarblöð.
Hepatica er dregið af gríska orðinu hepar, lifur. Blöðin líkjast lifur svo og litur neðra borðs blaðanna. Vegna útlits blaðann var trúa manna, að þau læknuðu sjúkdóma í lifrinni, en sú mun ekki vera raunin.
Fjöldi tegunda í ættkvíslinni er óviss en sennilega á milli 4 og 10. Sumar tegundanna eru taldar til kvíslarinnar Anemone L., enda náskyld. Í Evrópu vaxa tvær tegundir.
Lykill að tegundum:
1 Jarðstöngull stuttur; blaðflipar heilrendir (sjaldan með 1 eða 2 tennur) …. skógarblámi (H. nobilis)
1 Jarðstöngull langur; blaðflipar gróftenntir ………………………….. kjarrblámi (H. transylvanica)
Skógarblámi ─ Hepatica nobilis
Skógarblámi er ekki ýkja algengur í görðum. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Frá því var sagt í blöðunum fyrir skömmu, að skógarblámi (Hepatica nobilis Schreb.) væri kominn í fullan blóma í görðum í Reykjavík um miðjan febrúar. Í sjálfu sér eru þetta engin stór-tíðindi, því að skógarblámi er þannig skaptur, að þetta er ofur eðlilegt. Skal nú reynt að skýra það nánar. En fyrst örstutt lýsing á tegundinni. Skógarblámi er ekki íslenzk tegund, en vex í nokkrum görðum.
Skógarblámi er vetrar-græn, fjölær, um tíu sentímetra há jurt með kröftugan jarðstöngul. Stofnblöð eru á löngum legg, þrísepótt og leðurkennd; efra borð er grænt en neðra borð brún-fjólublátt. Engin axlarblöð. Þrjú egglaga, heilrend, hærð stoðblöð líkjast bikarblöðum, þar sem þau eru aðeins 1-3 mm fyrir neðan blómhlífarblöðin. Blóm eru endastæð, 15-25 mm að þvermáli, blómhlíf einföld, krónublaðakennd, jafnan með fimm til átta blá blómhlífarblöð, sjaldan rósrauð eða hvít. Fræflar eru fjölmargir, nærri hvítir á lit. Aldin er egglaga, hærð hneta með áfastan fitukirtil (elaiosom).
Á skástæðum jarðstöngli stingur upp kolli úr moldinni lítill vetrarstæður brumknappur, sem er klæddur breiðum, þunnum, himnukenndum, gráhvítum eða rauðleitum lágblöðum. Efst í honum eru nokkrir blaðvísar. Í blaðöxlum þessara vísa, og jafnvel í öxlum lágblaðanna, leynast allir hlutar blóms þegar myndaðir að hausti og tilbúnir að teygja sig í átt að ljósi um leið og hiti fer yfir ákveðið mark. Þessir litlu vísar geta einnig vaknað til lífsins að hausti, ef hlýindi ganga í garð. Blómgun er því fólgin fyrst og fremst í því, að það teygist úr þessum vísum og litur myndast í krónublöðum. Vöxtur blaða er mun seinna á ferðinni. Á hinn bóginn eru blöð frá fyrra ári enn uppi standandi, en þau visna smám saman eftir því sem ný blöð vaxa úr grasi.
Að blómgun lokinni sveigist blómleggur að jörðu, þar sem hneturnar liggja við móðurplöntuna. Það eru einkum maurar, sem sjá síðan um dreifingu plöntunnar og gera sér þá að góðu fituhnoðrann, sem loðir við hneturnar.
Ræktaður í görðum.
Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: liverleaf, liverwort
Danska: Blå Anemone
Norska: blåveis
Sænska: blåsippa, rödsippa (rauðblóma afbrigði)
Finnska: sinivuokko
Þýzka: Leberblümchen
Franska: anémone hépatique, hépatique noble, hépatique à trois lobes
Samnefni: Anemone hepatica L., Hepatica triloba Chaix
Kjarrblámi ─ Hepatica transylvanica
Kjarrblámi er auðþekktur frá skógarbláma. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Kjarrblámi (Hepatica transylvanica Fuss) er skyldur skógarbláma, enda líkur honum. Jarðstöngull er langur og blaðflipar eru tenntir. Blóm eru 25-40 mm að þvermáli; blómhlífarblöð jafnan átta eða níu; stoðblöð með tvær eða þrjár tennur nálægt blaðenda.
Ræktaður hér í nokkrum görðum. Blómgast um svipað leyti og skógarblámi eða örlítið seinna.
Viðurnafnið transylvanica dregið af Transsylvanía, héraði í Mið-Rúmeníu, áður hluta af Ungverjalandi, en hann vex þar villtur í skógarbotnum.
Samnefni: Anemone transsilvanica (Fuss) Heuff.
Berið saman blóm á kjarrbláma og skógarbláma. Ljósm. ÁHB.
ÁHB / 3.3. 2013
P.s. Hinn 2.3. var gengið um í hlíðum Úlfarsfells. Efst í klettum fannst einn sproti á vetrarblómi (Saxifraga oppositifolia), þar sem bryddaði á rósrauðum krónublöðum. Það vantar augljóslega örfáa hlýja daga til að það blómgist.
Hér bryddir á krónublöðum á vetrarblómi. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Leitarorð: Anemone • Anemone hepatica • Anemone transsilvanica • blámi • elaiosom • fitukirtill • Hepatica • Hepatica nobilis • Hepatica transylvanica • Hepatica triloba • kjarrblámi • Saxifraga oppositifolia • skógarblámi • stoðblöð • vetrarblóm • vetrargrænn
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