Hedwigia stellata. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Ættkvíslin Hedwigia P. Beauv., brámosar, er eina ættkvíslin í ættinni Hedwigiaceae (brámosaætt) og innan kvíslar eru aðeins fjórar tegundir kunnar. Á Norðurlöndum vaxa þrjár, en aðeins ein á Íslandi. Sérstök lýsing á ættkvísl er því óþörf.
Hedwigia er dregið af nafni þýzks manns, sem hét Johann Hedwig (1730-1799) og oft hefur verið kallaður faðir mosafræðinnar.
Johann Hedwig eða Joannis Hedwig, eins og nafn hans var ritað á latínu, var bæði læknir og grasafræðingur. Hann fæddist í Rúmeníu og nam læknisfræði í háskólanum í Leipzig, þar sem hann lauk prófi 1759. Næstu tuttugu árin sinnti hann læknisstörfum en hafði grasafræði sem tómstundagaman. Sagt var, að hann færi út snemma morguns áður en vinna hæfist og safnaði mosum. Að dagsverki loknu sneri hann sér að mosum á kvöldin. Hann varð prófessor í læknisfræði við háskólann 1786 og síðan í grasafræði 1789, jafnframt því að verða forstöðumaður Grasagarðsins í Leipzig.
Hann varð fyrstur til að skilgreina karl- og kvenkynhirzlur mosa, rannsakaði spírun gróa og þroska frumþals (protonema). Reyndar varð hann ekki hinn fyrsti til þess að sá gróum og fá þau til að spíra; þar var annar maður að verki, Hollendingurinn David Meese (1723-1770), sem ættkvíslin Meesia (snoppumosar) er kennd til.
Höfuðrit Johanns Hedwigs, Species Muscorum Frondosorum, var gefið út að honum látnum 1801. Þar er lýst nær öllum þekktum mosum á þeim tíma, og er þetta rit talið upphaf að latneskum nafngiftum mosa, nema hjá Sphagnum.
Hedwigia stellata Hedenäs – brámosi
Plöntur 2-7 cm á hæð, vaxa í lausum breiðum eða þúfum, gul- eða blágrænar en gráleitar efst, óreglulega greinóttar. Blöð eru kúpt, egglaga, um 2 mm, aðlæg blöð þurr með útsveigðan hárodd; rök blöð útstæð eða upprétt. Framan til í blöðum tekur við litlaust, aflangt svæði, sem gengur fram í tenntan og vörtóttan hárodd. Litlaus hluti blaðs um 30-40% af blaðlengd. Blaðjaðar greinilega útundinn neðan til upp að miðju. Kvenhlífarblöð eru stærri en stöngulblöð, aflöng og á jöðrum þeirra eru litlausir, langir, tenntir þræðir, sem líkjast kögri. Blaðgrunnur er rauður. Blöð riflaus. Rætlingar á neðri hluta stönguls, sem oft er blaðlaus; rætlingar brúnir og sléttir.
Hedwigia stellata. Hér sést greinilega litlaus, tenntur hároddur. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Frumur í blaðgrunni, blaðmiðju og blaðoddi eru aflangar; aðrar frumur egglaga til ferhyrndar eða ferningslaga og með þykka veggi, um 12 µm á breidd.
Frumur vörtóttar, nema í miðjum blaðgrunni og neðst í blaðrönd. Jafnan aðeins ein varta á hverri frumu; getur verið mjög há (10 µm) og kvíslótt eða stjörnulaga, 2-6 armar.
Plantan er tvíkynja og gróhirzlur því algengar. Kvenknappar eru á greinaendum og þar sem nýjar greinar myndast jafnan fyrir neðan þá, virðast kvenknappar vera hliðstæðir (hallandi mosi). Karlknappar eru í blaðöxlum. Stilkur mjög stuttur eða enginn og gróhirzla því hulin af kvenhlífarblöðum. Hirzlan er öfugegglaga eða nærri hnöttótt, slétt, upprétt og rauðbrún við gróhirzluopið. Lok rauðbrúnt, flatt eða með stutta trjónu. Enginn opkrans. Gró 20-30 µm að þvermáli, gulleit; á yfirborði þeirra eru stutt bogin strik.
Hedwigia stellata. Hér sést greinilega, að það er enginn opkrans á gróhirzlunni. Takið eftir hvítu, litlausu kögri á kvenhlífarblöðum. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Tegundin líkist að nokkru Grimmia og Racomitrium tegundum, en tegundir í þeim kvíslum eru allar með rif.
Viðurnafnið stellata er dregið af latínu stellatus, stjörnulaga; lat. stella, stjarna; viðskeytið –atus (lat.). Þegar horft er á þurr blöð ofan frá, minna þau á stjörnu.
H. stellata vex á þurrum, sólríkum klöppum og steinum, oft innan um aðrar tegundir. Fundin á fjórum stöðum á Suð-Austurlandi, einum á Suðurlandi og sex stöðum á Vesturlandi.
Helztu heimildir:
A.J.E. Smith, 2004: The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press
Ágúst H. Bjarnason, 2010: Greiningarlykill að ættkvíslum íslenzkra blaðmosa (Musci) ásamt tegundaskrá. Fjölrit Vistfræðistofu n:r 40. Reykjavík.
Bergþór Jóhannsson: Íslenskir mosar. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar n:r 16. Nóvember 1990.
Elsa Nyholm, 1998: Illustrated Flora of Nordic Mosses. Fasc. 4. Copenhagen and Lund.
Tomas Hallingbäck et al.: Bladmossor: Kompaktmossor-kapmossor. ArtDatabanken, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Uppsala 2008.
Tomas Hallingbäck, Ingmar Holmåsen, 2008: Mossor. En fälthandbok. Interpublishing. Stockholm.
ÁHB / 27. október 2014
P.s. Höfundur hlaut styrk frá Hagþenki 2014 til ritstarfa.
Leitarorð: brámosi • Hedwigia • Hedwigia stellata • Johann Hedwig • Species Muscorum Frondosorum
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