Inngangur
Kartöfluættin eða náttskuggaættin (Solanaceae) er stór ætt með um 2600 tegundum, sem deilast á um 90 ættkvíslir. Þetta eru einærar eða fjölærar jurtir, runnar, tré og jafnvel klifurplöntur. Blómin eru stök eða í kvíslskúfum, oft stór, flöt eða trektlaga, tvíkynja. Bæði bikar og króna eru samblaða. Aldin er ber eða hýði.
Margar þekktar nytjaplöntur eru af kartöfluætt, eins og kartöflugras, tómatplanta og paprika, en líka skraut- og pottaplöntur. Eiturefni af ýmsum toga er að finna í meginþorra tegundanna, en þau eru oft bundin við ákveðna hluta plöntunnar. Efnin eru úr flokki alkaloiða, sem hafa verið nefnd lýtingar eða beiskjuefni á íslenzku. Þekktasta efnið er án efa nikótín í tóbaksplöntunni, sem er af þessari ætt.
Menn eru ekki á eitt sáttir hvað latneska heiti ættarinnar, Solanaceae, merkir. Sumir álíta, að það sé af orðinu sol á latínu, sem þýðir sól; solatus er þá þjáður af sólsting eða óður. Aðrir hafa bent á solamen, huggun, léttir, og solari, hugga og tengja það við, að efni úr plöntum voru notuð sem deyfilyf.
Capsicum annuum
Ein tegund af þessari ætt skal nú gerð að umtalsefni. Það er spánskur pipar (Capsicum annuum L.) eða paprika, rauður pipar, eða chili-pipar, en þetta eru helztu nöfn, sem tegundin gengur undir hér á landi. Mörgum kemur á óvart, að hér skuli vera um aðeins eina tegund að ræða. Innan ættkvíslar Capsicum, holpipars, eru um 30 tegundir aðrar og eru þær allar upprunnar í hitabelti Suður-Ameríku. Tegundirnar eru ýmist jurtir eða runnar, en tiltölulega fáar eru nýttar. Talið er að Capsicum sé komið af gríska sagnorðinu kaptein, bíta og minnir á beiskt bragð; má þó vera að það sé dregið af latínu capsa, sem merkir askja eða ílát, enda eru aldinin uppblásin og hol að innan (þar af ættkvíslarnafnið).
Tegundin spánskur pipar (Capsicum annuum) er hálfs meters há jurt með lítil, hvít blóm, sem minna mjög á blóm á kartöflugrasi, bara ívið minni. Aldinið er uppþembt og þurrt ber í ýmsum litum eins og vikið er að hér á eftir. Jurtin er einær, það er lifir aðeins í eitt ár eins og viðurnafnið annuum segir til um. Tegundin er upprunnin í austur- eða norðaustur hluta Bólivíu nálægt landamærum við Brasilíu.
Löng hefð er fyrir því að nýta aldinið á þessum slóðum bæði til matar og sem lyf. Í Mexíkó hefur tegundin verið ræktuð um aldir. Við þessa ræktun hafa komið fram ótal yrki (ræktunar-afbrigði) með tilliti til litar og lögunar bersins og ekki sízt að því, er varðar styrk á bragði. Bragðið getur verið nær ekkert eins og í papriku, þá mátulega snarpt líkt og af rauðum pipar (chili-pipar) og síðan svo brennandi sviði af litlum berjum, að engu tali tekur.
Flokkun
Sennilegt er, að Capsicum annuum sé sú kryddtegund, sem mest er ræktuð nú um stundir. Spánskur pipar er um fjórðungur af allri kryddframleiðslu og þar á eftir kemur pipar um 17%.
Aldinið á C. annuum er ber líkt og tómatur. Það er afar margbreytileg um stærð, lögun og bragð. En engu að síður telja grasafræðingar berin tilheyra aðeins einni tegund. Venja er að skipta berjunum í fimm aðskilda hópa:
- Kirsuberja-pipar (cerasiforme hóp) með lítil og beisk aldin.
- Köngulpipar (conoides hóp) með upprétt, keilumynduð aldin.
- Rauðan köngulpipar (fasciculatum hóp) með upprétt, mjó, rauð og beisk aldin.
- Allrahanda pipar (grossum hóp), sem nær til þess, sem kallast bjöllu pipar, grænn pipar og sætur pipar. Þessum hópi tilheyrir einnig það, sem kallað er paprika og önnur aldin með þykka yfirhúð og milt bragð. Fyrir því eru þessi aldin oft höfð í sallat. Litur er oftast rauður, gulur og grænn.
- Lang-pipar (longum hóp) með drúpandi aldin, sem geta verið allt að 30 cm á lengd. Bragð er mjög sterkt eins og af chilipipar og cayennepipar, sem er mikið ræktaður í Mexíkó, Asíu og Vestur-Afríku. Mörg yrki eru til innan þessa hóps og mikið notuð.
Malt-paprika er oftast blanda af ýmsum bragðlitlum yrkjum. Á Balkanskaga er notað paprika um allar tegundir og ungverks paprika nær til ýmissa yrkja, sem skyldust eru cayennepipar. Fuglapipar er haft um aldin þeirra plantna, sem vaxa villtar, því að fuglar, og reyndar sniglar líka, skynja ekki beiskt bragð eins og spendýr. Tabasco pipar er aldin af annarri tegund, sporapipar (Capsicum frutescens), og kennt til bæjar í Mexíkó. Þá er á boðstólum á stundum havannapipar, yrkið ‘Habanero‘, en það er tegundin Capsicum chinense. Það hefur löngum verið talið hið bragðsterkasta af öllum yrkjum. Reyndar er þetta ekki öruggt, því að Naga Jolokia pipar, sem gengur undir ótal nöfnum (Ghost Bite, Ghost Chili, Ghost Pepper, Naga Morich og Bhut Jolokia) og er kynblendingur af Capsicum frutescens x Capsicum chinense er oftast álitinn sterkastur.
Capsaicin
Efnið, sem veldur brennandi sviða heitir capsaicin og er nafnið dregið af ættkvíslarnafninu Capsicum. Þetta er fituleysið, litlaust og vaxkennt efni úr hópi alkaloida (lýtinga). Efnið hefur sennilega þróazt til að vernda plönturnar fyrir árás grasætna, sveppa og baktería. Til eru að minnsta kosti sjö ólíkar gerðir af efninu en tvær eru mikilvægastar, capsaicin og dí-hydro-capsaicin. Efnið er í öllu aldininu en er ríkulegt í fræsætinu. Þótt það sé þynnt 1 á móti 100‘000 veldur það sviða á tungu og jafnvel sé það þynnt með vatni 1 á móti 11 milljón hverfu ekki beiska bragðið. Capsaicin ertir húðina, einkum slímhúð í augum og munni og var notað í styrjöldum. Piparúði lögreglunnar er einmitt þetta efni en á ekkert skylt við pipar, Piper nigrum.
Capsaicin er mun sterkara en bragðefnið piperin í venjulegum pipar, Piper nigrum, og hefur allt önnur áhrif á bragðlaukana. Capsaicin er að því leyti ólíkt pipar og flestu kryddi öðru, að það lokar ekki fyrir skynjun á öðru bragði eins og söltu og sætu. Pipar aftur á móti varnar því, að menn skynji salt og sætt. Notkun á spönskum pipar kemur því ekki í veg fyrir að menn njóti vel kryddaðra rétta.
Capsaicin hefur þann eiginleika að frásogast ekki í þörmunum og því skilst það út með saurnum. Það er sennilega ástæða ungversks orðtaks, sem segir, að það svíði alltaf tvisvar undan spönskum pipar.
Magn capsaicins í aldinum er ekki aðeins háð yrkjum heldur einnig, hvernig vaxtarskilyrði plantnanna eru hverju sinni. Verði plönturnar fyrir miklu áreiti, eins og þurrki, ofvökvun, hita eða vindhviðum, eykst styrkur efnisins verulega.
Wilbur L. Scoville (1865 – 1942), amerískur lyfjafræðingur, fann upp aðferð 1912 til þess að áætla styrk capsaicins í aldinum. (The Scoville Organoleptic Test). Aðferðin byggist á því að þynna lausn þar til hópur dómara hættir að finna beiskjubragðið. Mælieiningarnar voru kallaðar scoville honum til heiðurs. Nú eru notaðar mun nákvæmari mælitæki og styrkur gefinn upp á 10 stiga logaritmiskum kvarða. Venjuleg paprika er með 0 scoville, rauður (chili) pipar 3-4, cayennepipar 7-8 og ‘habanero‘ með 10.
Verði sviði í munni óbærilegur er þýðingarlaust að skola með vatni. Einna bezt er að fá sér mjólk, smjör eða lýsi.
Uppruni
Almennt er talið, að Christofer Kolumbus hafi komið fyrstur manna með spánskan pipar til Evrópu 1492. Áður var tegundin aðeins þekkt í Mið- og Suður-Ameríku og á Vestur Indíum. Þar var plantan í miklum metum, bæði sem lækningaplanta og kryddjurt. Vitað er, að plantan var ræktuð sem skrautblóm á Spáni 1493. Hins vegar var hún brátt mjög vinsæl sem kryddplanta og dreifðist mjög víða um gamla heiminn.
Þess ber þó að geta, að í gömlum öskuhaug í Lundi í Svíþjóð frá því um 1200 hefur fundizt fræ af holpipar, sem er líklega af sporapipar (C. frutescens). Nokkru yngra fræ hefur líka fundizt í Þýzkalandi og ef til vill benda gamlar plöntulýsingar til þess að holpipar hafi vaxið í Evrópu fyrir tíma Kólumbusar. Víst er þó, að verulegri útbreiðslu nær tegundin ekki fyrr en eftir 1492. Á um hálfri öld dreifðist tegundin um nær alla heimsbyggðina og varð fljótt vinsælt krydd í Kína, Tælandi, Indónesíu og á Indlandi. Eftirtektarvert er, að sterku sortirnar eru eftirlæti á þessum slóðum, en í Evrópu hafa þær ekki náð fótfestu nema í takmörkuðum mæli. Í Tælandi hafa menn fengið fram með kynbótum ný yrki.
Lækningajurt
Spánskur pipar hefur lengi verið notaður til að bera á húð við ýmis konar ertingu, kláða og verkjum. Hann er oft hafður í áburði handa giktveikum. Sumir hafa ráðlagt mönnum að sjóða spánskan pipar í eplaediki í um 10 mínútur og bera á auma staði á líkamanum. Þá verndar hann magann gegn sárum, örvar meltingu og eykur matarlyst. Þá er hann sagður örva ástir beggja kynja. Þá er því ekki að neita, að sumt fólk hefur mikla trú á honum til þess að forða því frá krabbameini, sykursýki og bólgusjúkdómum. Víða tíðkast að bragðbæta brennivín með spönskum pipar, einkum cayenne pipar.
Rauð aldin eru rík af C-vítamíni og andoxunarefninu karótíni; græn og gul yrki innihalda mun minna af efnunum. Þá eru B-vítamín, einkum B6, einnig í þeim.
Nöfn
Aldin á spönskum pipar ganga undir ýmsum nöfnum meðal erlendra þjóða. Tyrkneskur pipar, brasilískur pipar og sterkur pipar eru kunn annars staðar á Norðurlöndum. Nafnið chili pipar, sem er alvanalegt, kemur úr nahuatl-tungumáli frumbyggja í Mexíkó, þar sem plantan er kölluð chilli. Nafnið er leitt af orðinu chil á því tungumáli, sem þýðir rauður, enda er chili pipar oft nefndur rauður pipar. Flestir hafa haldið því fram, að cayenne pipar sé dregið af Cayenne-ánni í Frönsku Gvæönu á norðurströnd Suður-Ameríku. Kona að nafni Jean Andrews hefur rennt traustum stoðum undir þá kenningu, að yrkið sé komið af plöntum, sem Portúgalar hafi snemma flutt með sér til starfsstöðva sinna í Vestur-Afríku, til Gíneu og Gullstrandarinnar (sjá: The Pepper Trail: History and Recipes from Around the World, 1999). Síðan hafi »Ginnie pipar« borizt víða um veröldina með verzlunarflotanum og meðal annars aftur til Suður-Ameríku. Á máli innfæddra á Amazon-svæðinu, þar sem talað var tupi-tungumál, varð »Ginnie« að kyinha, quiya og quiynha, sem Evrópu-búar síðan breyttu í cayenne.
Orðið paprika er á hinn bóginn af evrópskum toga. Þegar Tyrkir réðu lögum og lofum á Balkanskaga á 16. öld barst sterkt yrki af kryddjurtinni þangað og gekk undir nafninu tyrkneskur pipar. Í Grikklandi (Hellas) var hún kölluð peperi eða piperi, sem var gamalt orð um svartan pipar (Piper nigrum). Orðið er komið úr sanskrít, pippali, og var nafn á löngum pipar (Piper longum) á Indlandi, en pippala á sanskrít merkir »heilagt fíkjutré«. Í Búlgaríu varð gríska orðið að piperke, peperke og paparka, en í Ungverjalandi varð það að paprika (Andrews, 1999). Paprika er því upprunalega haft um sterkt yrki en ekki um þau yrki, sem ganga undir þessu nafni hér á landi og annars staðar á Norðurlöndum.
Ræktun
Mjög auðvelt er að rækta spánskan pipar. Fyrst er að útvega sér fræ. Mjög auðvelt er að panta hinar ýmsu gerðir á netinu. Einfaldasta ráðið er þó að fara í verzlun og kaupa það yrki, sem manni lízt bezt á. Losa skal fræin úr berjunum og láta þau þorna í fáeina daga, áður en maður setur þau í moldarpott. – Mjög gott er að sá til þeirra ekki fyrr en í lok janúar. Hæfilegt er að setja um 5 fræ í hvern lítinn pott.
Fræin spíra á nokkrum vikum við stofuhita. Þegar plönturnar líta dagsins ljós þurfa þær að vera á björtum og hlýjum stað. Að öðrum kosti verða þær slyttislegar.
Þá er plönturnar hafa náð tæplega 20 cm hæð er þeim umplantað í stærri potta. Hæfileg pottastærð er 10 cm að þvermáli. Athugið, að rætur ná ekki eðlilegum þroska í of stórum pottum einhverra hluta vegna.
Þegar plönturnar hafa náð 30 cm hæð er þeim umplantað enn einu sinni í djúpa potta, um 40 cm að þvermáli. Hin ýmsu yrki verða misstór, sum að 50 cm en önnur geta orðið tveir metrar. Óhætt er að setja tvær plöntur í hvern pott, en mikilvægt er, að þeir séu nógu djúpir fyrir kröftugt rótarkerfi.
Í byrjun júní ætti að vera óhætt að gefa þeim áburð öðru hverju og fljótlega eftir það ættu fyrstu blómin að springa út. Þegar blóm eru útsprungin þarf að fræva plönturnar, það er að segja að bera frjókorn á milli blóma. Þetta má gera með fingrunum eða nota til þess lítinn pensil.
Plönturnar eru vatnsfrekar og ekki ósennilegt, að vökva þurfi bæði kvölds og morgna. Þegar berin koma á plönturnar eru þau látin vera þar til þau eru að fullu þroskuð; séu þau tínd of snemma er hætta á, að þau verði bragðdauf.
http://www.ethno-botanik.org/Capsicum/Capsicum-literature-scientific-publications.html
ÁHB / 2.11.2012
Leitarorð: alkaloidar • annuum • capsa • Capsaicin • Capsicum annuum • Cayenne • chilli • díhydrocapsaicin • Ghost Bite • Ginnie pipar • Gvæana • Habanero • holpipar • kaptein • Kartöfluættin • kyinha • lýtingar • Naga Morich • peperke • Piper nigrum • Scoville • Solanaceae • solatus • Spánskur pipar • sporapipar • tómatplanta • tupi • tyrkneskur pipar
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