Kiaeria – hnúskmosar

Skrifað um December 4, 2014 · in Mosar · 67 Comments

Kiaeria I. Hagen (hnúskmosar) heyrir nú til Rhabdoweisiaceae (kármosaætt) en tilheyrði áður Dicranaceae (brúskmosaætt).

Almennt er talið, að sex tegundir teljist til ættkvíslarinnar og vaxa fjórar hér á landi eins og annars staðar á Norðurlöndum.

Þetta eru uppréttir, fremur lágvaxnir blaðmosar (1-5(-8) cm), sem vaxa á móbergi, steinum, klettum, í þúfnakollum, melum, jarðvegsfylltu undirlagi, snjódældum, móum, urðum og einnig í nokkurri rekju. Þeir vaxa í þéttum eða lausum þúfum, brúskum eða breiðum; grænir, dökkgrænir og gulgrænir en geta verið brún- eða svartleitir, einkum neðarlega. Blöð eru lensulaga og mjókka fram í allaga framhluta, upprétt eða útstæð, á stundum einhliðasveigð; blaðrönd slétt, heilrend eða tennt fremst; rif gebgur oftast fram úr blöðku, mjótt, ewngar þykkveggja frumur eða lítið áberandi (K. glacialis);. Frumur í framhluta blaða aflangar, ferhyrndar eða ferningslaga, sléttar eða vörtóttar, í blaðgrunni frumur langar, ferhyrndar eða striklaga, sléttar, á stundum með holótta veggi, hornfrumur áberandi og oftast brúnar. Plöntur tvíkynja, kvenhlífarblöð með slíðurlaga grunn. Stilkur gulur en verður með aldrinum rauður, 5-20 mm á lengd. Gróhirzla álút og bogin, með greinilegan hnúð, sívöl, slétt eða rákótt, þegar hún er þurr. Lok með bogna eða skástæða trjónu. Opkran einfaldar, kranstennur 16 að tölu, klofnar niður að miðju eða lengra, rauðbrúnar, oft gulleitar ofan til oft vörtóttar og punktstrikóttar. Hetta gul, brún í endann, klofin á hlið og skástæð. Gró 12-22 µm að þvermáli, gul til gulgræn.

 

Hætta er á að rugla Kiaeria tegundum við Dicranum. Hinar síðar nefndu eru einkynja og í þverskurði af rifi þeirra sjást hópar af þykkveggja frumum og hornin eru oftast tvö eða fleiri frumulög á þykkt; þá er innri hluti horna oft eyddur eða litlaus. Þá er og hætta á ruglingi við Dicranoweisia crispula, sem er með mjög hrokkin og uppundin blöð, þegar þau eru þurr. Þá er rétt að minna á, að Oncophorus og Dicranella tegundir geta líkzt Kiaeria. Þær tegundir hafa engar sérstakar hornfrumur í blaðgrunni, nema á stundum í Oncophorus getur svo virzt, en þá er blaðrönd útundin.

Nafn kvíslar er kennt til norsks mosafræðings, Frantz Caspar Kiaer (1835-1893) að nafni.

 

Greiningarlykill að tegundum innan Kiaeria:

 

1 Framhluti blaða hrjúfur vegna vartna eða gúlpa á frumum, sem eru stuttar. Frumur í blaðgrunni að mestu leyti með heila veggi. Hornfrumur ekki mjög ólíkar nærliggjandi frumum, ferningslaga eða ferhyrndar, veggir álíka þykkir og í aðliggjandi frumum. Þurr gróhirzla slétt …. 2

1 Framhluti blaða sléttur, frumur oftast langar, hvorki vörtóttar né gúlpnar. Frumur í blaðgrunni með holótta langveggi. Hornfrumur tútnar, ferningslaga eða ferhyrndar, veggir þunnir en þykkna með aldrinum og verða brúnar. Þurr gróhirzla rákótt …. 3

 

2 Plöntur í lausum þúfum. Blöð upprétt eða óreglulega sveigð, þurr blöð undin eða hrokkin. Barmur úr stórum og lausum frumu, sem losna auðveldlega. Yfirborðsfrumur gróhirzlu langar með þunna veggi ….. K. blyttii

2 Plöntur í þéttum þúfum. Blöð reglulega einhliðasveigð bæði þurr og rök. Barmur úr litlum frumum, sem sitja fastar. Yfirborðsfrumur gróhirzlu stuttar með mjög þykka veggi …….. K. falcata

 

3 Fremur stór tegund (5-10 cm). Blöð álíka stór og á Dicranum scoparium (5-7 mm). Frumur í blaði langar og mjóar, veggir mjög holóttir. Í rifi eru nokkrar mjóar og þykkveggja frumur (þverskurður) ….. K. glacialis

3 Minni tegund (2-5(-8) cm). Blöð um helmingi styttri en á Dicranum scoparium (2,5-5 mm). Frumur í framhluta blaðs ýmist stuttar eða langar með heila veggi; frumur í blaðgrunni geta verið holóttar. Í rifi eru hvorki mjóar né þykkveggja frumur (þverskurður) ………… K. starkei

 

 

 

Lýsing á tegundum innan Kiaeria:

 

 

Kiaeria blyttii (Bruch & Schimper) Brotherus – urðahnúskur

 

Vex í lausum, dökkgrænum brúskum, 1-2,5 cm á hæð. Blöð upprétt eða útstæð, geta verið sveigð og lítið eitt hrokkin, þegar þau eru þurr, lensulaga, 2-4 mm á lengd, ganga fram í mjóan, allaga, hrjúfan eða vörtóttan framhluta, ef til vill tennt fremst. Blaðjaðar, og jafnvel öll blaðkan, tvö frumulög á þykkt framantil. Rif 35-50 µm á breidd neðst, nær fram úr blöðku, engar þykkveggja frumur (þverskurður).

Frumur framan til í blaði ferhyrndar eða ferningslaga (1-2:1), 8-11 µm á breidd, vörtóttar á neðra borði; í blaðgrunni eru frumur aflangar, sléttar, þykkveggja, á stundum með holótta veggi. Horn greinileg en ekki áberandi, hornfrumur ferningslaga og stærri en aðrar frumur.

Kvenhlífarblöð lík öðrum blöðum. Karlkynhirzla á sérstakri hliðargrein eða langt neðan við kvenkynhirzlu. Gróhirzla slétt, aflöng, 1-1,2 mm, með lítinn hnúð á hálsi. Gró 13-23 µm að þvermáli.

Auðveldast er að þekkja tegundina á áberandi karlkynhirzlu. K. starkei líkist þessari tegund, en þar situr karlkynhirzla rétt undir kvenkynhirzlu, þá eru hornfrumur tútnari og frumur framan til í blaði sléttari. Tegundin líkist einnig Cynodontium strumiferum, en á þeirri tegund eru flestar blöðkufrumur gúlpnar og blaðrönd útundin.

Viðurnafnið blyttii er kennt til norsks grasafræðings, Matthias Numsen Blytt (1789-1862) að nafni.

Er víða um vestan- og norðvestanvert land, fremur strjál annars staðar. Vex á steinum, urðum, skriðum, melum og klapparholtum.

 

 

Kiaeria falcata (Hedwig) I. Hagen – lautahnúskur

 

Vex í þéttum, grænum, gulgrænum, jafnvel dökkbrúnum breiðum, 1-3(-6) cm á hæð. Blöð greinilega einhliðasveigð, bæði rök og þurr, lensulaga, 2-3(-4) mm á lengd, ganga fram í mjóan, allaga, gúlpin eða vörtóttan framhluta. Blaðjaðar eitt frumulag á þykkt framan til, sléttur eða lítillega innundinn. Rif 50-60 µm á breidd neðst, nær fram úr blöðku, engar þykkveggja frumur (þverskurður).

Frumur framan til í blaði ferningslaga, sjaldan ferhyrndar (1-2:1), 7-9 µm á breidd, lítið eitt vörtóttar; í blaðgrunni eru frumur aflangar, sléttar, á stundum með holótta veggi. Horn greinileg en ekki áberandi, hornfrumur ferningslaga og stærri en aðrar frumur.

Kvenhlífarblöð lík öðrum blöðum. Karlkynhirzla stutt neðan við kvenkynhirzlu. Gróhirzla slétt, aflöng, 0,8-1,2 mm, með lítinn hnúð á hálsi. Barmfrumur litlar og losna ekki auðveldlega, þó að lok falli af. Gró 12-19 µm að þvermáli.

K. falcata er með sveigð blöð eins og K. starkei; hún þekkist þó frá henni á styttri og sléttri gróhirzlu. Þá eru veggir frumna í blaðgrunni holóttari á hinni síðar nefndu.

Viðurnafnið falcata er dregið af latneska orðinu ‚falcatus‘, í laginu eins og sigð, beygður sem sigð; ‚falcis‘ er eignarfall af ‚falx‘, sigð; ‚-atus‘ er viðskeyti.

Er víða um land, en þó einna sízt á Norð-Austurlandi. Vex einkum þar sem snjóa leysir seint.

 

 

 

Kiaeria glacialis (Berggren) I. Hagen – heiðahnúskur

 

Vex í lausum, grænum eða gulgrænum brúskum eða breiðum, 5-10 cm á hæð. Blöð nærri upprétt eða lítillega útstæð, rök blöð geta verið einhliðasveigð, lensulaga, um 5 mm á lengd, ganga fram í mjóan, allaga, rennulaga framhluta, heilrend en ef til vill lítillega tennt fremst. Rif 50-60 µm á breidd neðst, nær lítið eitt fram úr blöðku, fáar þykkveggja frumur neðan miðjufrumna og á stundum fyrir ofan (þverskurður).

Frumur í nær öllu blaði langar og mjóar (2-5:1), 7-9 µm á breidd, ekki vörtóttar, þykkveggja og með holótta langveggi. Horn greinileg, hornfrumur ferhyrndar eða ferningslaga, stórar og tútnar og verða brúnar með aldrinum.

Kvenhlífarblöð lík öðrum blöðum. Karlkynhirzla rétt neðan við kvenkynhirzlu. Gróhirzla rákótt, þegar hún er þurr, löng og mjó, 1,3-2 mm, með greinilegan hnúð á hálsi. Barmfrumur stórar og losna auðveldlega, þegar lokið fellur. Gró 14-22 µm að þvermáli.

 

Helzt er hætta á að rugla K. glacialis við tegundir Dicranum ættkvíslar. Horn á tegundum þeirrar kvíslar eru tvö eða fleiri frumulög á þykkt og ná lengra inn að rifi.

Viðurnafnið glacialis, ísaður, sem vex nærri ís; er komið úr latínu, ‚glacies‘, ís, -alis er viðskeyti.

Er einkum um vestan- og norðanvert land, sjaldgæf annars staðar. Vex á snjódældarsvæðum og öðrum snjóþungum stöðum, jafnvel við nokkra rekju.

 

 

Kiaeria starkei (Weber & D. Mohr) I. Hagen – dældahnúskur

 

Vex í lausum grænum eða gulgrænum brúskum eða breiðum, 2-6 cm á hæð. Blöð að mestu einhliðasveigð en geta þó verið upprétt eða lítillega útstæð, lensulaga, 2,5- 5 mm á lengd, ganga fram í mjóan, allaga framhluta, þurr blöð geta verið hrokkin allra fremst; heilrend en ef til vill lítillega ójöfn fremst, en ekki tennt. Rif 50-60 µm á breidd neðst, nær fram úr blöðku, engar þykkveggja frumur (þverskurður).

Frumur framarlega í blaði langar (2-4:1), 7-9 µm á breidd, á stundum ferhyrndar eða ferningslaga, ekki vörtóttar en geta verið gúlpnar, þykkveggja og með heila langveggi; í blaðgrunni eru langveggir greinilega holóttir. Horn greinileg, gul í fyrstu en verða brún með aldrinum, ná um hálfa leið inn að rifi; hornfrumur ferhyrndar og tútnar.

Kvenhlífarblöð lík öðrum blöðum. Karlkynhirzla rétt neðan við kvenkynhirzlu. Gróhirzla greinilega rákótt, þegar hún er þurr, löng og mjó, 1,3-2 mm, með greinilegan hnúð á hálsi. Barmfrumur stórar og losna auðveldlega, þegar lokið fellur. Gró 13-21 µm að þvermáli.

 

Helzt er hætta á að rugla K. starkei við K. blyttii, en frumur í blöðum þeirrar tegundar eru gúlpnar og vörtóttar framan til, horn ekki greinilega afmörkuð og karlkynhirzla er langt fyrir neðan kvenkynhirzlu.

Viðurnafnið starkei, er kennt til þýzks prestss, Johann Christian Starke (1744-1808) að nafni.

Er algeng um mest allt land, nema um landið sunnanvert. Vex á snjódældarsvæðum og öðrum snjóþungum stöðum.

 

 

ÁHB / 4. desember 2014

P.s. Höfundur hlaut styrk frá Hagþenki 2014 til ritstarfa.

 

Ath. Vegna tækniörðugleika reyndist ekki unnt að setja inn myndir; þær munu birtast síðar.

Helztu heimildir:
A.J.E. Smith, 2004: The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press
Ágúst H. Bjarnason, 2010: Greiningarlykill að ættkvíslum íslenzkra blaðmosa (Musci) ásamt tegundaskrá. Fjölrit Vistfræðistofu n:r 40. Reykjavík.
Bergþór Jóhannsson: Íslenskir mosar. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar n:r 19. Nóvember 1991
Tomas Hallingbäck et al.: Bladmossor: Sköldmossor-blåmossor. ArtDatabanken, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Uppsala 2008.
Tomas Hallingbäck, Ingmar Holmåsen, 2008: Mossor. En fälthandbok. Interpublishing. Stockholm.

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