Skúfar – Eleocharis

Skrifað um October 16, 2013 · in Flóra · 98 Comments

Skúfar (Eleocharis) setja víða sterkan svip á votlendi. Myndin sýnir vætuskúf (E. uniglumis). Ljósm. ÁHB

Skúfar (Eleocharis) setja víða sterkan svip á votlendi. Myndin sýnir vætuskúf (E. uniglumis). Ljósm. ÁHB

Ættkvíslin skúfar (Eleocharis R. Br.) heyrir til hálfgrasaætt (Cyperaceae) ásamt fjórum öðrum kvíslum (Carex, Kobresia, Trichophorum og Eriophorum). Þetta eru fjölærar (mjög sjaldan einærar), oftast lágvaxnar votlendisjurtir. Vaxa í þéttum þúfum eða eru með skriðular jarðrenglur. Auðvelt er að þekkja skúfa, því að þetta eru blaðlausar tegundir með einu axi á endanum. Fyrir kemur, að ax vantar og þá geta menn haldið, að það séu blöð, en svo er alls ekki. Stráin eru græn, oftast sívöl (sjaldan ferstrend) með nokkur blaðlaus stöngulslíður neðantil. Þau eru svampkennd viðkomu, því að í þeim eru loftrásir; fersk strá slétt en við þurrkun koma oft fram rákir.

Ax er aðeins eitt, endastætt, sporbaugótt til egglaga, oftast með mörg blóm. Blóm eru tvíkynja. Neðsta blómið oft gelt. Axhlífarnar jafnan egglaga til aflangar, rauðbrúnar, brúnar eða móleitar, oft með miðrák og himnufaldi. Fræflar eru þrír (sjaldan færri), Einn stíll, fræni tvö eða þrjú. Aldin er hneta, flöt eða þrístrend (sjaldan sívöl eða ferstrend). Eitt sérkenni ættkvíslar, að tútnaður neðsti hluti stíls, stílbotn, situr ofan á hnetunni.

Til kvíslarinnar heyra um 200 tegundir, sem vaxa um allan heim. Þær eru einkar fjölskrúðugar í hitabelti jarðar og heittempruðu beltunum. Þrátt fyrir mikinn fjölbreytileika eru skýr tegundareinkenni oft vandfundin. Í Kína er ein tegund, (E. dulcis) ræktuð vegna ætra stöngulhnúða. Þá eru allnokkrar tegundir þekktar sem illgresi í hrísgrjónaökrum.

Ættkvíslarnafnið Eleocharis (áður Heleocharis) er dregið af grísku orðunum helos, votlendi, og charis, skraut; það merkir því prýði votlendis.

Hér á landi vaxa fimm tegundir. Ein tegund, birtuskúfur, er tiltölulega nýlega greind frá Ólafsfirði. Tegundirnar hafa verið nefndar ýmsum nöfnum, sem enda á sef, finnungur, nál og næli. Hér er tekið upp nafnið skúfar fyrir kvíslina, eins og lagt var til í Íslenskri flóru með litmyndum (1983) og fá þá öll nöfn þá endingu.

Greiningarlykill að skúfum:
1 Strá minna en 0,5 mm að þvermáli, örsmá og fíngerð jurt; himnukennd slíður; ax 2-3(-5) mm langt …….. E. acicularis
1 Strá meira en 0,5 mm að þvermáli, slíður lit; ax 4 mm eða lengra ………………………. 2

2 Neðstu axhlífar ná upp á mitt ax eða lengra; strá 0,5-1 mm að þvermáli …. E. quinqueflora
2 Neðstu axhlífar miklu styttri en axið; strá 1-6 mm að þvermáli …………………… 3

3 Auðvelt að klemma strá saman; stílbotn lágur …………………… E. mamillata
3 Ekki létt að klemma strá saman; hæð stílbotns meiri en breidd ………. 4

4 Neðsta axhlíf spannar um helming eða rúmlega af ummáli strás …….. E. palustris
4 Neðsta axhlíf spannar allt ummál strás ………………………….. E. uniglumis

 

 

Síkjaskúfur – Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes

Með skriðulan, fjölæran jarðstöngul og vex oftast í rauðmóleitum breiðum. Stráið er allgilt, (0,5-)1-5 mm að þvermáli, nema rétt neðan við axið, dökkgrænt og sterklegt. Stráin eru stök eða mörg saman, stíf; þurr strá með 20 rákum eða fleiri. Þau eru ógreind og blaðlaus. Efsta slíðrið er með skástætt op, grænt eða móleitt en með brúnan kant. Neðstu slíðrin eru rauðbrún.

Ax á síkjaskúf (E. palustris). Tvær neðstu axhlífar greipa hvor um hálft stráið. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Ax á síkjaskúfi (E. palustris). Tvær neðstu axhlífar greipa hvor um hálft stráið. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Ax 5-20 mm langt, aflangt til egglaga. Neðsta axhlíf spannar um helming eða rúmlega stráið (sjaldan nærri allt); ásamt næst neðstu axhlíf mun styttra en aðrar, brún með ljósa himnurönd og oft með grænleita miðrák. Aðrar axhlífar himnurendar, aflangar, yddar eða snubbóttar, ljós- til dökkbrúnar. Fræflar 3, 1,5-3 mm á lengd, fræni 2. Aldin hneta, perulaga, glansandi, brúngul til dökkbrún. Stílbotn á stilk og er að minnsta kosti jafn hár og hann er breiður.

Tegundin er allbreytileg og ýmsum undirtegundum og afbrigðum hefur verið lýst, en oft er erfitt að aðgreina slíkt.

Vex í grunnum tjörnum og hálfþurrum síkjadrögum. Algengt um land allt; í hálendinu er það einkum við volgrur. Blómgast í júlí. 15-90 cm á hæð.

Hefur verið nefndur ýmsum nöfnum, vatnsnál, votasef, vætuskúfur, tjarnaskúfur og síkjanál. Hér hefur nafnið síkjaskúfur verið valið. Þótti góð fóðurjurt fyrrum, ef hún verkaðist vel.

Samnefni: Scirpus palustris L., S. eupalustris Lindb. fil.; Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. ssp. microcarpa Walters (ssp. palustris), E. smallii Britton

Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: common spike-rush, marsh spike-rush
Danska: Almindelig Sumpstrå
Norska: sumpsevaks, vanlig sivaks
Sænska: knappsäv
Finnska: rantaluikka
Þýzka: Gewöhnliche Sumpfbinse
Franska: éléocharide des marais

Þurrkað eintak af síkjaskúf. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Þurrkað eintak af síkjaskúf. Ljósm. ÁHB.

 

 

Vætuskúfur – Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schultes

Mjög lík undanfarandi tegund; efstu slíðrin þverstífð og neðsta axhlíf lykur um allt stráið. Það gerir það að verkum, að axið hallast oftast örlítið (gott einkenni). – Fjölær, vex í breiðum upp af skriðulum jarðstöngli. Strá blaðlaus, stinn, 0,4-1,5 mm að þvermáli, dökkgræn en gulna við þurrkun. Neðri slíður brún- til purpurarauð (sjaldan græn).

Ax af xskúf. Neðsta axhlíf greipar alveg um stráið. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Ax af vætuskúfi. Neðsta axhlíf greipar alveg um stráið. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Ax 5-13 mm langt, aflangt til egglaga. Neðsta axhlíf spannar um allt stráið (himnufaldar oft samvaxnir); aðrar axhlífar mun lengri, snubbóttar eða hinar efstu yddar, brúnrauðar með ljósa himnurönd og oft með grænleita miðrák. Fræflar 3, 2-3 mm á lengd, fræni 2. Aldin hneta, öfugegglaga, gul til brún. Stílbotn á stilk og er hæð ívið minni en breiddin.

Tegundin er mjög breytileg og er oft skipt í undirtegundir.

Vex í votlendi, oft nálægt sjó. Er allvíða, nema á Austurlandi. Blómgast í júni eða júlí. 10-30 cm á hæð.

Hefur verið nefndur vætusef og mýraskúfur. Viðurnafnið uniglumis er komið úr latínu, uni-, einn og gluma, hýði, og merkir að plantan er með eina axhlíf og er átt við þá neðstu sem spannar stráið.

Samnefni: Scirpus uniglumis Link; Eleocharis halophila (Fernald & Brackett) Fernald, E. palustris ssp. uniglumis (Link) Hartm., E. uniglumis var. halophila Fernald & Brackett

Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: Slender Spike-rush
Danska: Enskællet Sumpstrå
Norska: fjøresevaks
Sænska: agnsäv
Finnska: meriluikka
Þýzka: Einspelzige Sumpfbinse
Franska: éléocharide unigume

Birtuskúfur – Eleocharis mamillata H. Lindberg

Höfundur hefur aldrei séð þessa tegund og lýsir henni því ekki. Hún mun hafa verið greind í safni nýverið (sjá: http://floraislands.is/PDF-skjol/plontutal.pdf).

Auðveldast mun að þekkja tegundina á því, hve auðvelt er að klemma stráið saman miðað við undanfarandi tegundir, sem hún líkist mest.
Viðurnafnið mamillata er dregið af latneska orðinu mamma, geirvarta (brystill) og merkir í laginu eins og geirvarta; þar er átt við lögun stílbotns.

Skráður fundarstaður: Reykir í Ólafsfirði.

Samnefni: Scirpus mamillatus (H. Lindb.) H. Lindb., S. palustris L. ssp. mamillatus (H. Lindb.) Cajander

Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: soft-stem spikerush
Danska: Vorte-Sumpstrå
Norska: mjuksevaks
Sænska: veksäv
Finnska: mutaluikka
Þýzka: Zitzen-Sumpfbinse
Franska: éléocharide à tétons

 

 

Fitjaskúfur – Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz

Undir haust lýkur vexti jarðstönguls með um það bil 1 cm löngum, oddmjóum, brúnum dvalaknappi. Stráin stök eða fá saman í smátoppum upp af skriðulum jarðstöngli, fíngerð (0,5-0,8 mm að þvermáli), stinn, sívöl, dökkgræn, bein eða lítið eitt bogin, mjókka ekki upp við axið. Tvö slíður á stöngli, hið neðra brúnt með skásett op, hið efra grænt og op næstum þvert á stöngul.

Ax á fitjaskúfi. Strikið sýnir lengd axhlífar, sem er lengri en hálft axið. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Ax á fitjaskúfi. Strikið sýnir lengd axhlífar, sem er lengri en hálft axið. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Ax er egglaga, 4-6(-8) mm á lengd. Blóm (3-)5-7 að tölu. Axhlífar snubbóttar eða yddar, egglaga með miðrák, sem í fyrstu er græn en verður síðan brún; himnurönd breið, ljósbrún. Tvær neðstu axhlífar eru að minnsta kosti jafnlangar og helmingur af axinu eða lengri. Fræflar 3, 1,8-2,5 mm á lengd. Fræni 3. Aldin þrístrend , öfugegglaga hneta; stílbotn vörtulaga.

Vex í ýmiss konar deiglendi. Algengur sums staðar en strjáll í nokkrum landshlutum. Blómgast í maí eða júní. 5-25 cm á hæð.

Fitjaskúfur líkist lágvöxnum síkjaskúf, en þekkist auðveldlega frá honum á fáblóma axi og neðstu tveimur, löngum axhlífunum.

Annað nafn á tegundinni er fitjafinnungur. Viðurnafnið quinqueflorus er dregið af latneska orðinu quinque, fimm, og flos, blóm; algengt er, að blóm í axi séu fimm til sjö.

Samnefni: E. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link, E. fernaldii (Svenson) Á. Löve; Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf., S. quinqueflorus Hartmann

Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: Few-flowered spike-rush
Danska: Fåblomstret Kogleaks
Norska: småsevaks
Sænska: tagelsäv
Finnska: Jouhiluikka
Þýzka: Armblütige Sumpfbinse
Franska: éléocharide à cinq fleurs

Þurrkað eintak af fitjaskúfi. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Þurrkuð eintök af fitjaskúfi. Ljósm. ÁHB.

 

 

 

Efjuskúfur – Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes

Þráðfínn jarðstöngull er mjög víðskriðull og myndar oft þéttofnar breiður. Stráin eru oft mörg saman, hárfín, 0,2-0,5 mm að þvermáli, slétt, ljósgræn, ferstrend eða nærri sívöl séu þau í vatni, þau eru blaðlaus en neðarlega eru rauðbrún, himnukennd blaðslíður.

Myndin sýnir öx á efjuskúfi. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Myndin sýnir öx á efjuskúfi. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Ax endastætt, egglaga til lensulaga, 2-5 mm langt, með 2-5(-8) blómum. Axhlífar eru stuttar, snubbóttar, rauðbrúnar (eða brúnleitar á öxum í vatni), himnurendar með græna miðrák; neðsta axhlíf greipar um allt stráið. Fræflar 3, 0,7-1,2 mm á lengd. Ein fræva með 3 eða 4 fræni. Aldin þrí- eða ferstrend hneta, gulhvít, um 0,9 mm á hæð.

Vex í leirefju í og við tjarnir. Er víða á vestan- og austanverðu landinu en strjálli annars staðar. Blómgast í júlí eða ágúst. 2-10 cm á hæð.

Oft eru strá axlaus og taka margir það fyrir blöð, sem er ekki alls kostar rétt. Tegundin er ávallt auðþekkt á fíngerðum, beinum og ljósgrænum stráum. Efjuskúfur hefur áður verið nefndur vatnsnæli og tjarnaskúfur; bæði nöfnin eru óheppileg og því var henni valið nýtt nafn.
Viðurnafnið acicularis er dregið af latneska orðinu aciculus, lítil nál, og er þar átt við hárfín stráin.

Samnefni: Scirpus acicularis L.; Eleocharis acicularis var. gracilescens Svenson, E. acicularis var. occidentalis Svenson, E. acicularis var. porcata S. G. Smith, E. acicularis var. submersa (Nilsson) Svenson

Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: needle spike-rush, spikesedge
Danska: Nåle-Sumpstrå
Norska: nålsevaks, nålsivaks
Sænska: nålsäv
Finnska: hapsiluikka
Þýzka: Nadelbinse
Franska: éléocharide aciculaire

 

Þurrkað eintak af efjuskúfi. Ljósm. ÁHB.

Þurrkað eintak af efjuskúfi. Ljósm. ÁHB.

 

ÁHB / 16. okt. 2013

 


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