INNGANGUR AÐ SKRÁ UM HÁPLÖNTUR Á ÍSLANDI

Skrifað um February 2, 2016 · in Flóra · 109 Comments

INNGANGUR AÐ SKRÁ UM HÁPLÖNTUR Á ÍSLAND

 

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Frá því eg eignaðist bókina Förteckning över Nordens växter eftir Nils Hylander árið 1967 hef eg reynt að halda til haga plöntutegundum, sem vaxa eða hafa vaxið á Íslandi. Skömmu síðar ýjaði eg að því við forstöðumann grasafræðideildar Náttúrufræðistofnunar Íslands að taka saman slíka skrá um íslenzkar plöntur, en hann taldi það öldungis óþarft, því að þetta væri allt saman til á spjöldum. Eg hafði keypt tvö eintök af bókinni og ætlaði að nota annað sem vinnueintak. Þar sem ekkert varð úr þessu, gaf eg Gesti Guðfinnssyni, blaðamanni, eintakið, en hann var mikill áhugamaður um flóru landsins. Síðan þá hef eg reynt að skrá tegundir, en vissulega hefur þetta verið æði slitrótt; á stundum legið niðri um langan tíma, en svo hef eg tekið á mig rögg og endurbætt skrárnar. Þá hafa breytingar á latneskum heitum verið mjög tíðar og ýmislegt lagt til, sem hefur horfið jafnskjótt og það kom. Í annan stað hef eg ekki haft góða aðstöðu til þess að fylgjast með breytingum, sem menn hafa gert á flóru landsins.

 

Sem dæmi má nefna, að 1986 sá eg í formála að bók um plöntur, að þar hefðu verið gerðar “breytingar [á nöfnum] í samræmi við óbirtan nafnalist, sem gerður hefur verið á Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands”. Þegar eg falaðist eftir því að fá þennan lista, var mér tjáð, að hann væri vinnugagn, sem yrði ekki afhent út fyrir stofnunina. Á þennan lista munu þó hafa ratað tvö eða þrjú nýnefni mín úr bókinni Íslensk flóra með litmyndum.

 

 

 

NIÐURSKIPAN OG LATNESK NÖFN

Í skrá þeirri, sem hér birtist og er æði ólík hinum fyrstu, er fylgt niðurskipan í bálka, ættir og farið eftir latneskum nöfnum samkvæmt sænskum lista, sem er birtur á vef Naturhistoriska museet í Stokkhólmi, og eiga Thomas Karlsson og Magdalena Agestam allan heiður að honum (http://www.euphrasia.nu/checklista/). Á stöku stað hef eg þó vikið frá latneskum tegundarheitum, þar sem eg hef talið mig hafa gildar ástæður fyrir því.

 

Niðurskipan tegunda í ættkvíslir, ættir og ættbálka hér er mjög frábrugðin því, sem menn eiga að venjast. Allmargar ættkvíslir hafa verið fluttar á milli ætta. Það veldur því, að nokkrar ættir hafa horfið úr skrá en aðrar komið í staðinn. Einnig hafa tegundir verið fluttar á milli ættkvísla og viðurnöfn breytzt. Allt er þetta eftir niðurstöðum nýlegra rannsókna, sem æskilegt væri að gera nánari grein fyrir, en það verður að bíða betri tíma.

 

 

 

ÍSLENZK NÖFN

Til voru íslenzk nöfn á nýjar ættir. Nú telst hrímblaðka ekki lengur til hélunjólaættar heldur til skotthalaættar eða Amaranthaceae, svo að dæmi sé tekið. Nöfn á ættum eru yfirleitt látin fylgja latnesku heitunum eða farið að gamalli hefð. Þannig er Cupressaceae nefnd sýprisætt en ekki einisætt og Cyperaceae hálfgrasaætt en ekki stararætt eins og sumir vilja hafa það. Grasætt heitir nú Poaceae en ekki lengur Gramineae; ekki var þó talin ástæða til að breyta nafninu í sveifgrasaætt (samanber Poa, sveifgrös).

 

Öðru máli gegnir um nöfn á ættkvíslum. Þar var oft úr vöndu að ráða. Skarifífill – Leontodon autumnalis – var fluttur í kvíslina Scorzoneroides og tók þá með sér kvíslarnafnið skarifíflar. Fari svo, að Leontodon-tegundir eigi eftir að koma við sögu hérlendis, verður að finna þeirri kvísl nýtt nafn. Fjórar tegundir í steinbrjóts-ættkvísl – Saxifraga – hafa verið færðar yfir í kvíslina Micranthes. Hér varð því að finna nýtt nafn. Fyrir valinu varð að kalla kvíslina steinbúa og tegundirnar því hreistursteinbúa, snæsteinbúa, stjörnusteinbúa og dvergsteinbúa. – Áskell Löve hafði reyndar áður skipt kvíslinni í átta hluta og valið eftirfarandi nöfn: aurablóm, snæblóm, gullbrá, steinbrjót, steinbrytil, gullbrytil, lambarjóma og þúsunddygðajurt.

 

Á stöku stað hef eg breytt íslenzkum nöfnum frá því, sem oftast er skráð í bókum, aðallega þó á ættkvíslum, einkum til þess að halda í gömul alþýðuheiti. Til dæmis er kvíslin Polypodium nefnd sæturætur en tegundin P. vulgare köldugras. Tekið skal fram, að ættkvíslarheiti eru jafnan höfð í fleirtölu.

 

Þá hef eg sums staðar sett tillögur mínar að breyttum heitum í sviga. Sem dæmi má nefna Paris quadrifolia, sem eitt sinn var nefndur ferlaufasmári, sem var miður heppilegt, því að honum var ruglað saman við fjögurra blaða smára. Nafni var því á sínum tíma breytt í ferlaufung, þó að hann eigi ekkert skylt við fjöllaufung (Athyrium filix-femina). Löngu áður var hann nefndur krossagras. Í ljósi þessa er heppilegasta nafnið krosslaufi. Annað dæmi má nefna. Hlaðkolla tilheyrir nú kvíslinni Matricaria. Þar er fyrir tegund, sem kallast kryddbaldursbrá. Í skránni er lagt til, að það breytist í kryddkolla.

 

Mér hefur löngum þótt eðlilegra, að allar tegundir innan Juncus-ættkvíslar væru nefndar nálar frekar en sef, samanber hrossanál, sem án efa er gamalt alþýðuheiti. (Reyndar hrossahnútur undir Eyjafjöllum.) Á hinn bóginn táknar sef í hugum flestra hávaxnar, grasleitar tegundir, sem standa í vatni, en það á alls ekki við um Juncus-tegundirnar íslenzku.

 

Eg hef jafnan verið þeirrar skoðunar, að afbrigði (var.) og undirtegundir (subsp. eða ssp.) eigi ekki að bera sér íslenzk nöfn. Á stöku stað eru þó nöfn sett þar í sviga og stafar það af því, að viðkomandi flokkunareining hefur áður verið talin sjálfstæð tegund og verið þekkt undir því nafni. Í plöntuskrá, sem eg gerði fyrir mörgum árum, var Carex capillaris ssp. fuscicola talin sjálfstæð tegund og þá bjó eg til nafnið skúfleggjastör, sem er hér sett í sviga.

 

 

 

HVAÐA TEGUNDIR ERU Í SKRÁNNI?

Í skrá þessari eiga að vera allar háplöntutegundir, sem teljast innlendar, að tveimur ættkvíslum undanskildum, Hieracium og Taraxacum. Að auki eru teknir með svo kallaðir slæðingar, en það eru tegundir, sem vilja koma og fara eftir ýmsum leiðum. Erfiðara er að ákvarða með plöntur, sem nær eingöngu eru ræktaðar innan garðs í beðum. Fólk á það til að henda garðaúrgangi á víðavang og þá spretta oft upp erlendar tegundir, sem ætla mætti við fyrstu sýn að séu slæðingar. Úr þessu verður aldrei fyllilega skorið.

 

Í þennan lista eru teknar með ýmsar tegundir, sem er ekki full vissa fyrir að vaxi hér. Þær eru merktar með spurningarmerki (?) Af þessum tegundum má nefna seilunykru, sem eg sjálfur greindi frá í Náttúrufræðingnum á sínum tíma. Plöntuna bar eg undir vel metinn grasafræðing, sem áleit greiningu mína rétta. Aðrir grasafræðingar hafa hafnað þessu, en þó hefur enginn þeirra beðið um að fá að skoða eintakið.

 

Þá hef eg tekið með nokkrar tegundir, sem Áskell Löve greindi frá, að hann hefði fundið hér á landi. Enginn grasafræðingur íslenzkur hefur viljað taka mark á þessum fundum Áskels og talið þá til skáldskapar.

 

Árið 1972 átti eg leið um Kaupmannahöfn og kom við á Botanisk museum, þar sem eg hitti Kjeld Holmen (1921-1974) grasafræðing. Eg fékk að skoða eintök af tveimur tegundum, sem Áskell hafði safnað á Íslandi, rauðfífu (Eriophorum russeolum) og fjallakáli (Braya glabella ssp. purpurascens).

 

Mér tókst að ná þó nokkru af jarðvegsögnum af báðum eintökum. Meðal annars voru í blaðslíðrum fífunnar þó nokkrar agnir. Þegar heim var komið tók Sveinn Jakobsson, jarðfræðingur á Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands, að sér að greina þessar agnir í smásjá. Niðurstaða hans var ótvíræð. Hér var um að ræða móbergsgler, mjög einkennandi fyrir Ísland. Útilokað var með öllu, að plöntur væru úr Skandinavíu. – Eg bað um, að þessi sýni yrðu geymd á Náttúrufræðistofnun. Fyrir tveimur árum bað eg mann þar að grennslast fyrir um þau, en þá fundust þau hvergi.

 

 

LOKAORÐ

Engum er ljósara en mér, að skrá þessi er hvergi nærri fullbúin. Sjálfsagt hafa einhverjar tegundir fallið út af vangá. Ráðgert er að leiðrétta hana um leið og fyllri upplýsingar liggja fyrir. Allar ábendingar eru vel þegnar.

 

Lögum samkvæmt á Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands að halda úti skrá sem þessari, samanber 4 gr lag n:r 60/1992, þar sem segir um aðalverkefni: „b. að varðveita náttúrugripi, ritsmíðar og önnur gögn á vísindalegum heimildasöfnum og byggja upp aðgengilegt gagnasafn með sem fyllstum heimildum um íslenska náttúru, og c.að skrá kerfisbundið einstaka þætti íslenskrar náttúru og sjá um gerð og útgáfu korta, m.a. um jarðfræði og útbreiðslu tegunda …” – Á hinn bóginn hefur fyrrverandi starfsmaður, Hörður Kristinsson, grasafræðingur, haldið úti slíkum lista, sem flestir vitna til (sjá http://floraislands.is/Annad/plantlist.html og heimildaskrá).

 

Kunni einhver að hafa gagn eða gaman af þessari skrá, er tilgangi með henni náð. Hér má bæta við, að eg hef einnig haldið úti slíkri skrá um íslenzka blaðmosa (sjá http://ahb.is/mosar/).

 

SKÝRINGAR

Eftirfarandi stafir og tákn eru höfð fyrir aftan íslenzkt nafn:

(G) = Tegund, sem aðallega er ræktuð í görðum og orðið þar eftir eða slæðzt þaðan (G/S).

(S) = tegund er talin vera slæðingur hérlendis og er ekki að fullu ílend.

(R) = tegund er einkum notuð til ræktunar.

(?) = tilvist tegundar er ekki að fullu staðfest hérlendis.

(†) = talið er að tegund sé horfin eða útdauð hér á landi.

 

Helztu heimildir (hér)

 

ÁHB / 2. febrúar 2016

 

 

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