Klettaburkni nærri Hrútafjöllum í Kelduhverfi. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Klettaburknaætt – Aspleniaceae
Aðeins ein ættkvísl telst til ættarinnar og því óþarft að lýsa henni sérstaklega.
Klettaburknar – Asplenium L.
Flestar tegundir ættkvíslarinnar, sem eru um 700, eru ásætur eða vaxa í grjóti; aðeins örfáar lifa í mold. Jarðstöngullinn er mjósleginn, næringarlítill, og getur smeygt sér inn í hinar minnstu glufur. Blöðin eru yfirleitt mjög þurrkþolin. Gróbelttir eru flestir aflangir meðfram leiðsluvefjum; gróhula aflöng og fest á annarri hlið.
Margar tegundir ættarinnar eru ræktaðar í heimahúsum, ekki sízt í hengikörfum.
Greiningarlykill að tegundum:
1. Blöð kvíslgreind, mjög sjaldgæfur ……………………. skeggburkni (A. septentrionale)
1. Blöð fjöðruð …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
2. Blaðstilkur svartur-dökkbrúnn, einnig miðstrengur blaðs nema allra fremst ………….. …………………………………………………………………………. svartburkni (A. trichomanes)
2. Blaðstilkur brúnn neðantil, grænn ofantil eins og miðstrengur blaðs ……………………. ………………………………………………………………………………….. klettaburkni (A. viride)
Skeggburkni – Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.
Jarðstöngull stuttur, greinóttur, skriðull eða uppsveigður, klæddur dökkbrúnu hreistri. Blöð dökkgræn, kvíslgreind, með fáa, granna flipa, tennta í endann. Stilkur er um 7/10 af blaðlengd; grænn nema allra neðst er hann brúnn og vaxinn stuttum, glærum kirtilhárum. Blaðka er óreglulega kvíslgreind. Gróblettir dökkbrúnir, renna saman við þroskun og þekja nær allt neðra borð. Gróhula smábugótt á jöðrum.
5-13 cm á hæð. Vex á aðeins einum stað utan í kletti við Eyjafjörð. Friðlýstur.
Skeggburkni. Teikn. ÁHB.
Samnefni: Acrostichum septentrionale L.
Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: forked spleenwort
Danska: Nordisk Radeløv
Sænska: gaffelbräken
Norska: olavsskjegg
Finnska: liuskaraunioinen
Þýzka: Nordische Streifenfarn, Nördlicher Streifenfarn
Franska: doradille du nord
Svartburkni – Asplenium trichomanes L.
Jarðstöngull, stuttur, uppsveigður, klæddur strik- til lensulaga, brúnu hreistri, sem jafnan er með dökka miðrák. Öll blöð eins, fjöðruð, dökkgræn, lifa veturinn. Stilkur um um 1/5 af heildarlengd blaðs, stinnur, dökkbrúnn eða svartur, glansandi. Miðstrengur líkur stilk, aðeins grænn efst. Blaðka 5-10 cm á lengd, 0,5-1,5 cm á breidd. Bleðlar egglaga eða aflangir, heilrendir eða lítillega bogtenntir, um 0,5 cm á lengd. Gróblettir á neðra borði aðskildir eða runnir saman; gróhula striklaga, smábogtennt.
Tegundinni hefur verið skipt í tvær undirtegundir, og vex aðeins önnur hérlendis, ssp. trichomanes, með hreisturblöð 2,8-3,5 mm á lengd og með dökka rauðbrúna miðrák; gróblettir jafnan vel aðskildir.
Svartburkni. Teikn. ÁHB.
8-15 cm á hæð. Vex í klettaskorum. Mjög sjaldgæfur. Fundinn á örfáum stöðum á S og SA. Friðlýstur.
Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: maidenhair spleenwort
Danska: Rundfinnet Radeløv
Sænska: svartbräken
Norska: svartburkne
Finnska: tummaraunioinen
Þýzka: Braunstielige Streifenfarn, Brauner Streifenfarn
Franska: capillaire des murailles, doradille polytric
Þurrkað eintak af svartburkna. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Klettaburkni – Asplenium viride Huds.
Jarðstöngull er skriðull eða uppsveigður; hreisturblöð dökkbrún, án miðrákar (röð af ógagnsæjum frumum er þó á stundum neðst). Öll blöð eins, lifa ekki af veturinn, en stilkur stendur hann oft af sér. Stilkur 1/3-2/5 af blaðlengd, dökkbrúnn neðst, grænn að ofan; Grunn gróp gengur upp eftir stilk og miðstreng blöðku á efra borði, með fá, hárfín, um 1,5 mm löng hreisturblöð og gisin, dökkleit, stutt kirtilhár. Blaðka lensulaga, einfjöðruð. Bleðlar á stuttum stilk, egglaga eða kringlóttir, bogtenntir eða heilrendir. Gróblettir 3 eða 4 hvor sínum megin við bleðilstreng. Gróhula skammæ.
5-10 cm á hæð. Vex í klettaskorum og skjólgóðum dældum. Sjaldgæfur. Fundinn í Kelduhverfi, á Fljótsdalshéraði og fáeinum stöðum SA.
Klettaburkni. Teikn. ÁHB.
Til gamans má geta þess, að höfundur fann klettaburkna í Kelduhverfi 1977, sem þá þóttu allnokkur tíðindi, því að hafði hann aðeins fundizt á Suð-Austurlandi. Maður nokkur tók sig til og skrifaði um þennan fund í tímaritið Týli að höf. fornspurðum áður en honum gafst ráðrúm til að skrifa um þetta sjálfur. Grasafræðingur á Náttúrufræðistofnun hóaði í samferðarmann höf. og bað hann um að segja sér nákvæmlega, hvar höf. hafði fundið tegundina, svo að unnt væri að merkja fundarstað inn á kort. Síðar var því hvíslað að höf., að þetta hefði verið gert, svo að þessir frómu menn þyrftu ekki að vitna í skrif höf. í sambandi við þennan fund.
Samnefni: Asplenium ramosum L.
Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: green spleenwort
Danska: Lysegrøn Radeløv
Sænska: grönbräken
Norska: grønnburkne
Finnska: viherraunioinen
Þýzka: Grünstielige Streifenfarn, Grüner Streifenfarn
Franska: doradille verte
ÁHB / 3. apríl 2013
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