Fram að þessu hafa menn haldið, að áfengi hafi ekki fylgt manninum nema í um níu þúsund ár. Nú hafa bandarískir fræðimenn komizt að því, að áfengis hefur verið neytt í að minnsta kosti tíu miljón ár, og það því fylgt mannkyninu mun lengur en elztu menn muna.
Vitað er, að menn geta neytt áfengis (etanóls) án þess að veikjast, ef magn þess er innan ákveðinna marka. Forsenda fyrir því eru ákveðin prótín og enzýmið ADH4. Enda þótt öll fremdardýr (prímatar) hafi í sér enzýmið ADH4, geta ekki vissar tegundir, eins og lemúri (Lemur catta) og bavíani (Papio spp.), brotið niður áfengi, vegna þess að enzýmið í þeim er eilítið öðru vísi.
Áður var það trúa manna, að virkt enzým hefði fyrst þróazt meðal manna fyrir um níu þúsund árum. Hópur fræðimanna, undir foryztu Matthews Carrigans, líffræðings við Santa Fe College í Gainesville í Flórída, leitaði svo langt aftur sem 50 milljón ár til að finna fremdardýr með virkt enzým, en hafði ekki erindi sem erfiði. Virkni enzýmsins í þessum dýrum var mjög lítil. Það var ekki fyrr en mannapar, simpansi (Pan troglodytes) og górilla (Gorilla gorilla), sem komu fram fyrir um 10 millljón árum, voru athugaðir, að það fannst mikilvirkt ADH4-enzým, sem var um 40 sinnum virkara en í öðrum dýrum.
Einmitt á þeim tíma tók veðrátta að kólna og það hafði í för með sér, að það varð harðara á dalnum, og fremdardýrin urðu að laga sig að annars konar fæðu en áður. Það leiddi meðal annars til þess, að fremdardýrin urðu að leggja sér til munns ávexti, sem höfðu fallið niður úr trjánum. Og ávextir á jörðu niðri urðu fyrir áverkun baktería, sem breyttu sykri í alkóhól, sem safnaðist fyrir í þeim. Þau dýr, sem höfðu ekki virkt ADH4-enzým, urðu verulega ölvuð og hlutu skaða af, en hin, sem höfðu þróað með sér virkt enzým, gátu nýtt sér þessa fæðu. Genið, sem myndar virkt ADH4-enzým, erfðist meðal þessara apa og síðan til manna (Homo sapiens).
Heimild að þessum pistli er greinin: „Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human-directed fermentation,“ sem birtist í PNAS (The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America) og má lesa hér í heild:
http://intl.pnas.org/content/early/2014/11/26/1404167111
ÁHB / 5. desember 2014
Накрутка зрителей трово
url In all your gettings, get wisdom.
thanks
url thanks.
url thanks.
url thanks.
188 thanks i like it.
tck 188 yargıtay thanks i like it.
https://www.google.sc/url?q=https://w1.nazincir.com/
incir excellent post thanks i like it.
url like studies thanks
url so thankfull now.
naturel soğuk sıkım sızma zeytinyağı
Hi, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, fantastic blog!
I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post…
Thank you for the sensible critique. Me & my neighbor were just preparing to do a little research about this. We got a grab a book from our area library but I think I learned more from this post. I am very glad to see such fantastic info being shared freely out there.
As I website possessor I believe the content here is real great, appreciate it for your efforts.
I’m not that much of a online reader to be honest but your sites really nice, keep it up! I’ll go ahead and bookmark your site to come back down the road. Cheers
I’m really enjoying the design and layout of your blog. It’s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more enjoyable for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out a developer to create your theme? Great work!
Some really nice and useful information on this site, besides I conceive the layout holds fantastic features.
I also conceive hence, perfectly written post! .
I wish to express my appreciation to the writer for rescuing me from this particular scenario. Right after looking out throughout the internet and obtaining opinions which are not helpful, I assumed my entire life was well over. Existing devoid of the approaches to the difficulties you have fixed by means of the write-up is a crucial case, and the ones that would have in a negative way affected my career if I hadn’t come across your website. The skills and kindness in controlling all the details was important. I don’t know what I would have done if I had not come across such a point like this. I am able to at this time look forward to my future. Thanks for your time very much for your expert and result oriented help. I will not hesitate to suggest the blog to anyone who needs to have assistance on this subject.
I¦ll immediately take hold of your rss feed as I can not to find your e-mail subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you have any? Kindly permit me recognize in order that I may just subscribe. Thanks.
Hey there! Someone in my Facebook group shared this website with us so I came to check it out. I’m definitely loving the information. I’m bookmarking and will be tweeting this to my followers! Great blog and great style and design.
My spouse and i have been so joyous Albert could do his research because of the ideas he grabbed when using the web page. It’s not at all simplistic just to find yourself giving freely tips and tricks that people could have been trying to sell. We really know we have the website owner to thank for this. The entire explanations you made, the easy website menu, the friendships you can give support to engender – it is all powerful, and it’s aiding our son and the family believe that this issue is interesting, and that’s unbelievably serious. Thank you for the whole thing!
After study a few of the blog posts on your website now, and I truly like your way of blogging. I bookmarked it to my bookmark website list and will be checking back soon. Pls check out my web site as well and let me know what you think.
Loving the information on this internet site, you have done great job on the articles.
I am really enjoying the theme/design of your weblog. Do you ever run into any web browser compatibility issues? A couple of my blog visitors have complained about my blog not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome. Do you have any solutions to help fix this issue?
Hello admin i see you don’t monetize your blog. You can earn additional bucks easily, search on youtube for: how to earn selling articles
An interesting discussion is worth comment. I think that you should write more on this topic, it might not be a taboo subject but generally people are not enough to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers
I was very pleased to find this web-site.I wanted to thanks for your time for this wonderful read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you blog post.
Новости
A lot of of whatever you claim is astonishingly appropriate and it makes me ponder why I hadn’t looked at this with this light before. This piece really did switch the light on for me as far as this specific topic goes. Nevertheless at this time there is just one point I am not necessarily too comfy with and whilst I try to reconcile that with the actual core idea of the point, permit me observe exactly what all the rest of your visitors have to point out.Very well done.
Thanks for another informative site. The place else may I get that kind of info written in such a perfect means? I’ve a project that I’m simply now operating on, and I’ve been at the look out for such information.
Definitely imagine that that you stated. Your favorite justification seemed to be at the internet the easiest factor to have in mind of. I say to you, I certainly get irked whilst people consider issues that they just don’t recognise about. You controlled to hit the nail upon the highest and also outlined out the whole thing without having side effect , people can take a signal. Will likely be again to get more. Thank you
My developer is trying to convince me to move to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the costs. But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using WordPress on several websites for about a year and am anxious about switching to another platform. I have heard fantastic things about blogengine.net. Is there a way I can transfer all my wordpress content into it? Any help would be really appreciated!
But wanna admit that this is invaluable, Thanks for taking your time to write this.
Hi! Do you know if they make any plugins to assist with SEO? I’m trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good success. If you know of any please share. Thanks!
Very interesting information!Perfect just what I was looking for!
Great write-up, I am normal visitor of one?¦s site, maintain up the nice operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a lengthy time.
As soon as I found this internet site I went on reddit to share some of the love with them.
It’s hard to find knowledgeable people on this topic, but you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
Thanks for another wonderful article. Where else could anyone get that type of information in such a perfect way of writing? I’ve a presentation next week, and I am on the look for such info.
I was wondering if you ever considered changing the page layout of your blog? Its very well written; I love what youve got to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having one or two images. Maybe you could space it out better?
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you. https://accounts.binance.com/en/register-person?ref=P9L9FQKY
Good write-up, I?¦m normal visitor of one?¦s blog, maintain up the nice operate, and It’s going to be a regular visitor for a long time.
Today, while I was at work, my cousin stole my apple ipad and tested to see if it can survive a thirty foot drop, just so she can be a youtube sensation. My iPad is now broken and she has 83 views. I know this is completely off topic but I had to share it with someone!
hycade price hello my website is slot togel303
2000an murah hello my website is injector cheat
với Nữ hello my website is mabok slot
aspinall arms hello my website is mohabbatein chalte
shio sendiri hello my website is ladangtoto alternatif
social roles hello my website is fantastis sinonim
jadwal macau hello my website is heather fnf
rubah kartun hello my website is aki die
Redux Graphics hello my website is 888a tạ
js安全 hello my website is js安全
wkwk62 hello my website is wkwk62
bftv hello my website is bftv
Wrath hello my website is Wrath
colok4d hello my website is colok4d
goku vs hello my website is goku vs
mj slot hello my website is mj slot
buzzgo hello my website is buzzgo
bursa777 hello my website is bursa777
js混淆 hello my website is js混淆
A song hello my website is A song
spiderman hoodie hello my website is spiderman hoodie
rungkad enakeun hello my website is rungkad enakeun
– dia hello my website is – dia
translate ngapak hello my website is translate ngapak
ave totowa hello my website is ave totowa
hotspot yang hello my website is hotspot yang
daredevil figure hello my website is daredevil figure
Mature, This is a good website Mature
Erection, This is a good website Erection
Steamy, This is a good website Steamy
Fetish, This is a good website Fetish
Dysfunction, This is a good website Dysfunction
Nude, This is a good website Nude
Enhance, This is a good website Enhance
XXX, This is a good website XXX
Sildenafil, This is a good website Sildenafil
İstanbul Boğazı’nda Yeni Bir Mucize: Deniz Canlıları ve Yeni Türler Keşfedildi
İstanbul’da Spor ve Eğlence: Yeni Bir Su Parkı İstanbul’a Heyecan Katıyor
İstanbul’un Tarihi Evlerine Yoğun İlgi: Restorasyonlar Hız Kazandı
İstanbul’da Ekolojik Yaşam: Sürdürülebilirlik Projeleri Uygulanıyor
İstanbul Sahilleri Artık Temiz: Denizlerdeki Kirlilik Büyük Ölçüde Azaldı
İstanbul’da Verimli Tarım Alanları: Şehirde Rooftop Bahçeler Açıldı
Maslak’ta yeni bir otobüs hattı açıldı: Toplu taşıma konforu arttı.
Şişli’de Tiyatro Sanatına Yeni Bir Soluk.
Silivri’de Doğa Yürüyüşü ile Stres Atın.
Avcılar Sahilinde Plaj Voleybolu Turnuvalarıyla Spor ve Eğlence.
Şişli’de Yeni Açılan Müzeler ile Tarihe Yolculuk.
Bahçelievler’de Yemyeşil Parklar İle Huzurlu Bir Piknik.
Zeytinburnu Sahilinde Yeni Açılan Aile Etkinlikleri ile Eğlenceli Bir Gün.
Küçükçekmece’de Yamaç Paraşütü İle Heyecan Dolu Bir Macera.
Eminönü’nde Yeni Açılan Gözleme Salonları ile Lezzetli Bir Mola.
It’s actually a great and useful piece of info. I am satisfied that you shared this helpful info with us.
Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
Şişli’de Tiyatro Sanatına Yeni Bir Soluk.
Nice post. I was checking continuously this weblog and I am inspired! Very helpful info particularly the closing phase 🙂 I maintain such info much. I was seeking this particular information for a very lengthy time. Thank you and good luck.