Til ættkvíslarinnar Funaria Hedw. teljast nú um 200 tegundir. Flestar þeirra vaxa á tempruðum og heittempruðum slóðum og mynda litla bólstra eða breiður á skuggsælum og svölum stöðum. Plöntur eru 3-5 cm á hæð, uppréttar, skærgrænar til gulgrænar. Þær eru jafnan einærar eða tvíærar og fáeinar fjölærar. Stöngull er ógreindur, nema neðarlega á stöngli vex grein, þar sem karlknappur myndast, en hann þroskast fljótt og dettur af.
Efstu blöð eru stór og upprétt, aflöng, lensulaga eða egglaga til breið-egglaga, kúpt; heilrend eða fíntennt ofan miðju Rif einfalt, nær að blaðenda eða lítillega fram úr.
Frumur stórar, breidd meiri en 20 µm, tigullaga til sexhyrndar eða ferningslaga, þunnveggja, oft mjórri út við jaðar; engar sérstakar hornfrumur.
Plöntur eru tvíkynja. Karlknappur myndast á sérstakri grein neðarlega. Kvenhnappur myndast efst á plöntu. Stilkur er langur, bugðóttur eða boginn; undið upp á hann, gulur til rauðbrúnn. Gróhirzlur eru óreglulegar, oftast álútar og hrukkóttar þurrar og tómar.
Kvíslin Funaria telst til Funariaceae ásamt um 13 öðrum. Hin síðari ár hafa tilflutningar ættkvísla á milli ætta verið tíðir, svo að fjöldi kvísla er ekki ótvíræður. Hér á landi vaxa fjórar tegundir. Þær voru áður allar taldar til Funaria. Nú teljast þær til tveggja ættkvísla, tvær og tvær: Funaria Hedw. og Entosthodon Schwägr.
Nafnið Funaria er komið úr latínu; ‘funis’ merkir reipi; þar eð stilkur er snúinn minnir hann á snæri eða reipi.
Greiningarlykill að ættkvíslum:
1 Gróhirzla regluleg, upprétt, slétt ………………. Entosthodon (sjá síðar)
1 Gróhirzla óregluleg, álút, rákótt ……………….. Funaria
Greiningarlykill að tegundum Funaria:
1 Stilkur snúinn og breytist mjög við raka, 20-80 mm langur; skásett op á gróhirzla á stundum nærri samsíða lengdarási hirzlunnar. Blöð ydd; rif nær í blaðenda og á stundum fram úr ………. F. hygrometrica
1 Stilkur sveigður, oft baksveigður, 8-12 mm langur; op á gróhirzlu lítið eitt skásett miðað við lengdarás hirzlunnar. Blöð breið-ydd eða snubbótt; rif nær á stundum fram í blaðenda en endar oftar rétt þar fyrir neðan ……….. F. arctica
Funaria hygrometrica Hedwig – skálabúi
Mjög algeng tegund við hús og bæi, í gróðurhúsum og blómapottum. Þetta er fyrsta mosategundin, sem fannst í Surtsey. Þar óx hún í götuslóða, sem lá að fyrstu háplöntunni, sem spratt þar upp. Það er því alveg ljóst, hvernig tegundin barst út í eyjuna.
Funaria arctica (Berggren) Kindberg – jörfabúi
Aðeins fundin á einum stað á Austurlandi í fyrsta sinni 2009.
Um nafngiftir
Í Fjölriti Náttúrufræðistofnunar nr. 15 (september 1990) telur Bergþór Jóhannsson þrjár tegundir ættarinnar allar til sömu ættkvíslar, Funaria, sem hann nefnir bólmosa. Eina tegund nefnir hann bólmosa, en við hinar tvær notar hann endinguna -seti, laugaseti og hveraseti.
Áður hafði hann skýrt ástæðu fyrir nafngift á þessa leið, en þá var honum aðeins kunnugt um eina tegund hérlendis:
Bólmosi: Funaria. 1 teg.
Af no. ból, „býli“. Vex helst í byggð og við bæi, jafnvel utan í húsveggjum, í gróðurhúsumog blómapottum. (Sjá Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar nr. 1, 1985.)
Í Fjölriti Náttúrufræðistofnunar nr. 22 (desember 1992) hefur hann skilið tvær tegundir frá Funaria og skipar þeim í kvíslina Entosthodon, sem hann nefnir setmosa, og tegundirnar halda nöfnum sínum.
Áður hefur verið gerð grein fyrir þeim meginreglum, sem Bergþór fylgdi, við nafngiftir (sjá Fjölrit Vistfræðistofu n:r 40, Rvík 2010). Samkvæmt þeim eru nöfn ættkvísla í fleirtölu og endar á -mosar (sbr. setmosar).
Ef tvær eða fleiri tegundir eru innan ættkvíslar, endar seinna orð í samsettu tegundarnafni á orði í ættkvíslarheiti; dæmi: laugaseti. Sé hins vegar aðeins ein tegund innan kvíslar, fær hún nafn ættkvíslar í eintölu; dæmi: bólmosi.
Nú hefur ein tegund bætzt við innan Funaria, eins og greint er frá hér að ofan. Þá dugar nafnið bólmosi ekki lengur fyrir tegundina F. hygrometrica. Ekki þótti tækt að láta nýtt nafn enda á -bóli, og því varð að finna annað nafn.
Eftir nokkurn umþóttunartíma varð nafnið búamosar fyrir valinu á kvíslinni Funaria; tegundirnar tvær fá nafnið skálabúi, sbr. skáli í merkingunni hús, og jörfabúi, sbr. jörfi í merkingunni sandmelur.
P.s. Lýsingar á einstökum tegundum, teikninga og litmyndir munu birtast smám saman.
Helztu heimildir:
A.J.E. Smith, 2004: The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press
Ágúst H. Bjarnason, 2010: Greiningarlykill að ættkvíslum íslenzkra blaðmosa (Musci) ásamt tegundaskrá. Fjölrit Vistfræðistofu n:r 40. Reykjavík.
Bergþór Jóhannsson 1985. Tillögur um nöfn á íslenskar mosaættkvíslir. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar n:r 1.
Bergþór Jóhannsson: Íslenskir mosar. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar n:r 15. September 1990.
Bergþór Jóhannsson: Íslenskir mosar. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar n:r 22. Desember 1992.
Elsa Nyholm, 1998: Illustrated Flora of Nordic Mosses. Fasc. 4. Copenhagen and Lund.
Tomas Hallingbäck et al.: Bladmossor: Sköldmossor-blåmossor. ArtDatabanken, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Uppsala 2008.
Tomas Hallingbäck, Ingmar Holmåsen, 2008: Mossor. En fälthandbok. Interpublishing. Stockholm.
http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/bfna/F27/27-12Funariaceae1.pdf
ÁHB / 8. október 2014
P.s. Höfundur hlaut styrk frá Hagþenki 2014 til ritstarfa.
Leitarorð: bólmosi • Funaria arctica • Funaria hygrometrica
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