Blómskipun er klasi. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Hjartarfi – Capsella
Ættkvíslin Capsella Medicus telst til krossblómaættar (Brassicaceae, syn. Crusiferae). Til kvíslarinnar teljast fjórar tegundir, sem eru ein- eða tvíærar. Stöngull er uppréttur eða uppsveigður, ógreindur eða greindur, hárlaus eða hærður neðan til. Blöð í stofnhvirfingu, stilkuð eða stilklaus, aflöng, heil eða fjöðruð. Stöngulblöð eru minni, aflöng, heilrend, tennt eða bugðótt og greipfætt.
Blóm eru í klasa, sem lengist mjög við þroskun. Krónublöð eru hvít eða rauðleit, 2 til 3 mm á lengd. Skálpar eru þríhyrndir eða öfughjartlaga, flatir með þverstætt skilrúm.
Til kvíslarinnar teljast 4 eða 5 tegundir, en aðeins ein vex hér á landi. Vissulega hefur fleiri tegundum verið lýst, en þær hafa reynzt vera afbrigði eða undirtegundir C. bursa-pastoris.
Ættkvíslarnafnið Capsella er smækkunarmynd af latneska orðinu ‘capsa’, vasi, pungur.
Hjartarfi – Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
Plantan er einær; stöku sinnum tvíær. Oft eru margir samstofna stönglar uppréttir eða uppsveigðir, hærðir eða hárlausir, greindir eða ógreindir, 2 til 30 cm á hæð. Blöð í stofnhvirfingu á 0,5-4 cm löngum stilk. aflöng eða lensulaga (1,5-10 x 2-25 cm), grunnur fleyglaga eða mjókkar jafnt, stutt- eða langydd. Stöngulblöð minni, stakstæð, aflöng eða lensulaga, greipfætt, grunnur örlaga, á stundum með eyru; ýmist hárlaus eða hærð (oft með stjarnhárum).
Blóm 2-3 mm að þvermáli, í klasa, sem lengist við þroskun. Bikarblöð aflöng, himnurend, græn eða rauðmenguð, 1,5-2 x 0,7-1 mm. Krónublöð 2-3 × 1-1,5 mm, hvít. Fræflar eru 6, fjórir langir og tveir stuttir. Ein fræva með stuttan stíl. Aldin skálpur með 10-12 fræ, þríhyrndur og öfughjartlaga; skilrúm þverstætt. Skálpleggir standa lárétt út frá stöngli.
Vex við hús og bæi, er víða í görðum. Er mjög algengur um land allt á láglendi. Vex víða í hálendi, þar sem búpeningur hefur haldið sig. Blómgast fyrst í maí og er í blóma allt sumarið, oft langt fram á haust. 5–40 cm á hæð.
Hjartarfi er í blóma allt sumarið og oft langt fram á haust. Ljósm. ÁHB.
Mörg nöfn eru til komin vegna lögunar skálpsins, svo sem smalapungur, pungurt, hirðistaska, prestapungur og töskugras.
Í gömlum lækningabókum er hjartarfa víða getið. Hann er sagður blóðstillandi og stöðva blóðnasir og tíðablæðingar. Einnig var hann notaður til að stöðva blæðingar eftir fæðingar og reyndist vel. Nöfnin blóðarfi, blóðgras og blóðjurt benda til þess að hann hafi verið notaður til þeirra hluta hér á landi. Tína má blöð fyrir blómgun og nota í sallat; þau má líka þurrka og hafa síðar í súpu. Einnig er hægt að nota óþroskaða skálpa á sama hátt og til að krydda smjör. Ferska eða þurrkaða rót má nota líkt og engifer. Í fræi er sinnepsolía.
Ófrískum konum og fólki veikt í nýrum er ráðlagt að drekka ekki seyði af jurtinni. Gott er að þurrka blöð við vægan hita, ekki yfir 45°C, og mylja síðan. Hæfilegt þykir að setja 4 teskeiðar í 3 dl af sjóðandi vatni og láta standa í hálftíma. Seyði af jurtinni skal drekka kalt. Einnig má tyggja blöð og setja beint í sár.
Viðurnafnið bursa-pastoris er komið af latnesku orðunum ‘bursa’, vasi, veski, pungur og ‘pastor’, hirðir.
Hjartarfi er upprunninn í löndunum við Miðjarðarhaf, en hefur dreift sér þaðan um nær allan hnöttinn. Hefur verið talinn annað algengasta „illgresi“ á jörðinni á eftir blóðarfa (Polygonum aviculare).
Nöfn á erlendum málum:
Enska: shepherd’s-purse
Danska: Hyrdetaske
Norska: gjetertaske, hyrdetaske
Sænska: lomme, lommeört, pungört
Finnska: lutukka, rikkalutukka
Þýzka: Gewöhnliches Hirtentäschel, Gemeines Hirtentäschelkraut, Hirtentäschel, Hirtentäschelkraut
Franska: bourse à Judas, boursette, bourse à pasteur, bourse de capucin, capselle à pasteur, capselle bourse à pasteur, molette à berger
Samnefni: Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.
ÁHB / 14. sept. 2015
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